{"id":4416,"date":"2012-10-27T00:35:00","date_gmt":"2012-10-27T05:35:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fredhatt.com\/blog\/?p=4416"},"modified":"2014-12-14T19:25:56","modified_gmt":"2014-12-15T00:25:56","slug":"totentanz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/fredhatt.com\/blog\/2012\/10\/27\/totentanz\/","title":{"rendered":"Totentanz"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>

Self-Portrait, Skull, 1958, drawing by Alice Neel<\/p><\/div>\n

In time for Halloween and the Day of the Dead, I give you a collection of skulls and other personifications of death and horror from the art of the past several centuries. \u00a0If you’re sensitive to violent, creepy, disturbing imagery, don’t scroll down.<\/p>\n

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Totentanz (Dance of Death), illustration by Michael Wolgemut from Liber Chronicarum, also known as the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493, by Hartmann Schedel<\/p><\/div>\n

In the wake of the famines, plagues and wars of the late medieval period in Europe, there arose a genre of popular allegorical murals, prints, and plays called Totentanz or Danse Macabre, the Dance of Death<\/a>. \u00a0Often there’s a series of images showing corpses or skeletons dancing with commoners and kings, popes and peasants.<\/p>\n

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Death and the Heathen Woman, from the medieval Preacher Totentanz mural of Basel, copy by Emanuel B\u00fcchel, c. 1770<\/p><\/div>\n

These images say life is fleeting and precarious, death is ever-near. \u00a0High-born or low, Death will get you in the end.<\/p>\n

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Totentanz mural in the Anthony Chapel, St. Nicholas Church, Talinn, c. 1490, by Bernt Notke<\/p><\/div>\n

Surely the Totentanz was an expression of something deeply felt by the people living in this time, who saw death everywhere around them. \u00a0The priest could point to it to urge repentance, since the end could come without warning. \u00a0The hedonist could see it as a spur to enjoy the pleasures of the flesh while they last.<\/p>\n

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Death and the Devil Surprising Two Women, c. 1505, print by Daniel Hopfer<\/p><\/div>\n

Mortality is not simply an abstract fact for mortals, it is personal. \u00a0It comes to take you away from your life and your loved ones. \u00a0So it must be personified, and it is often shown as a skeleton or a decaying corpse that is animated, to show the horror we feel at the decay of the flesh.<\/p>\n

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Dead Lovers, c. 1470, by an anonymous artist<\/p><\/div>\n

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, a master of deep natural perspective and complex figurative compositions, transformed the simple Totentanz scenes into a panorama of war and executions, famine, torture, and madness. \u00a0Click on the image to follow a link to a much larger version of this landscape of hell on earth, big enough to scroll around and see all the horrific details.<\/p>\n

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The Triumph of Death, 1562, by Pieter Bruegel the Elder<\/p><\/div>\n

The sense of death as a corruption that devours life from within has been expressed by artists closer to our own time. \u00a0For a 1945 movie, directed by Albert Lewin, based on Oscar Wilde’s novel\u00a0The Picture of Dorian Gray<\/em>, Henrique Medina made a straight portrait of actor Hurd Hatfield that was gradually, over the course of filming, transformed by painter Ivan Albright into this image of walking decay. \u00a0Click here<\/a> to see before and after versions.<\/p>\n

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The Picture of Dorian Gray, 1943, by Ivan Albright<\/p><\/div>\n

Similarly, Francis Bacon transformed Velasquez’ strikingly realistic portrait of Pope Innocent X<\/a>\u00a0into a scream of modern existential dread.<\/p>\n

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Study after Vel\u00e1zquez’s Portrait of Pope Innocent X, 1953, by Francis Bacon<\/p><\/div>\n

A century or two after the era of the Totentanz, the omnipresence of death was perhaps felt with a little more distance, and the prevailing genre of painting meditating on death was the Vanitas, usually a still-life composition incorporating a skull or skulls. \u00a0“Vanitas” refers to the line from Ecclesiastes that declares “Vanity of vanities; all is vanity,” so it has some of the same meaning as the Totentanz, but considerably less of the visceral feeling of horror.<\/p>\n

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Vanitas Still Life, 1672, by Aelbert Jansz. van der Schoor<\/p><\/div>\n

The Totentanz and the Vanitas are both considered versions of a more inclusive artistic motif called “Memento Mori” – Latin for “Remember you will die.”<\/p>\n

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Still Life with a Skull, c. 1650, by Philippe de Champagne<\/p><\/div>\n

Of course artists also study skulls and skeletons as part of learning anatomy, the better to depict the human form full of life, and many artists become fascinated with bones as elegant forms. \u00a0Paul\u00a0C\u00e9zanne, the post-impressionist “painter’s painter” made several Vanitas still-life pictures at the turn of the 20th century, as he faced his own mortality.<\/p>\n

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Pyramid of Skulls, 1901, by Paul C\u00e9zanne<\/p><\/div>\n

During a brief stint in a classical art academy in Antwerp, where skeletons were studied as part of the curriculum, Vincent van Gogh painted this mischievous smoking skeleton.<\/p>\n

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Skull with a Burning Cigarette, 1886, by Vincent van Gogh<\/p><\/div>\n

James Ensor, Belgian satirist and proto-surrealist, depicted pointless struggle in the form of skulls with mismatched jaws, wearing military garb and fighting over a bit of fish.<\/p>\n

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Skeletons Disputing a Smoked Herring, 1891, by James Ensor<\/p><\/div>\n

Contemporary sculptor Kris Kulski makes ornate monochromatic constructions, many of them incorporating skeletons. \u00a0Here a giant skeleton appears to be building a city along its own spine.<\/p>\n

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The Decision, 2007, sculpture by Kris Kuksi<\/p><\/div>\n

Yet another often-revisited motif in the Memento Mori tradition is Death and the Maiden. \u00a0This gives the artist the chance to contrast youth and beauty with repulsion and decay, combining sex and death in what artists found to be a potent thematic brew, pushing two primal buttons at once for a creepy frisson. \u00a0Hans Baldung was an early master of the erotic horror genre.<\/p>\n

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Death and the Maiden, c. 1519, by Hans Baldung<\/p><\/div>\n

Throw in morality and religion with the sex and death, and you can really have your cake and eat it too.<\/p>\n

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Triptych of Earthly Vanity and Divine Salvation, c. 1485, by Hans Memling<\/p><\/div>\n

The Death and the Maiden theme has also survived into modern art. \u00a0How could the famously death- and sex-obsessed Edvard Munch resist it?<\/p>\n

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Death and the Maiden, 1894, print by Edvard Munch<\/p><\/div>\n

K\u00e4the Kollwitz\u00a0sees the theme from a female perspective, and transforms the maiden into a mother holding a child in this image of death as predator.<\/p>\n

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Death Seizing a Woman, 1934, print by K\u00e4the Kollwitz<\/p><\/div>\n

For Hans Bellmer, mortality and sexuality are fundamentally linked in the depths of the psyche, and both are arousing and terrifying: Eros and Thanatos.<\/p>\n

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Instructions to Sexuality II, 1974, print by Hans Bellmer<\/p><\/div>\n

The medieval view of death and horror was of something intensely real and palpable. \u00a0By the age of enlightenment, artists tend to express a romanticized fear of madness, of the unknown, of the supernatural – something we still feel in some part of our psyches where reason’s light fails to penetrate.<\/p>\n

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The Nightmare, 1791, by Henry Fuseli<\/p><\/div>\n

Goya obsessively depicted horror and madness and evil, both in the absurdities of human behavior and the very real devastation of war.<\/p>\n

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Disparate de miedo (Absurdity of Fear), from Los Disparates, 1815-1823, print series by Francisco Goya<\/p><\/div>\n

Japanese artists of the same period also display a wonderfully vivid imagination for visualizing the stories of ghosts and horror that abound in Japanese folklore and literature. \u00a0Here are works from two masters: Hokusai and Kuniyoshi.<\/p>\n

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Ghost of Kohada Koheiji, c. 1830, print by Katsuhika Hokusai<\/p><\/div>\n

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Detail from Princess Takiyasha summons a skeletal spectre to frighten Mitsukuni, c. 1845, a triptych of prints by Utagawa Kuniyoshi<\/p><\/div>\n

In the later nineteenth century, death is seen more in a mournful light than one of terror. \u00a0No longer the dancing zombie of the middle ages, Death calmly ferries you to the set of a tragic grand opera.<\/p>\n

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Isle of the Dead, 1883 version, by Arnold B\u00f6cklin<\/p><\/div>\n

Death is a symbol – the Grim Reaper, horseman of the apocalypse.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Death on a Pale Horse, 1865, by Gustave Dor\u00e9<\/p><\/div>\n

In our time, pop culture is full of images of avengers, terminators, furious warriors and inhuman killers, but it’s mostly fantasy, not our everyday reality.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

The Death Dealer, 1973, by Frank Frazetta<\/p><\/div>\n

I can’t think of a painting that gives a more realistic image of the act of killing than Artemisia Gentileschi’s Judith and Holofernes. \u00a0It’s far more brutal and horrifying than Caravaggio’s great version<\/a> of the same scene, and Caravaggio reputedly had real experience with killing. \u00a0But Artemisia was an ambitious female painter in a time when ambitious women got no respect, and she must have put the real murderous fury she felt towards men into this chilling work.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Judith Beheading Holofernes, 1612, by Artemisia Gentileschi<\/p><\/div>\n

The ancient Mesoamerican religions were based around human sacrifice, and figures of death and blood and the underworld abound.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Mayan God of Death, date unknown, stucco sculpture at Palenque, photo by Sherry Hardage<\/p><\/div>\n

The skull or calavera image survives in today’s Mexican culture in the jaunty decorative skulls and skeletons of the Day of the Dead or\u00a0D\u00eda de los Muertos, \u00a0November 1st, a time to honor ancestors and perhaps to be cheerful in the face of death.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Las Calveras, Cancun, Mexico, contemporary photo by Tiffany Shu<\/p><\/div>\n

Elaborately decorated calaveras are a tradition with endless variations, such as this visionary Huichol psychedelica.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Huichol Beaded Skull, contemporary creation by Our Exquisite Corpse design team<\/p><\/div>\n

Posada, a popular Mexican illustrator of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, used the calavera as a basic motif for social satire and political cartoons. \u00a0This tarantula-skull is a caricature of General\u00a0Jos\u00e9 Victoriano Huerta M\u00e1rquez, Mexico’s brutal dictator at the time.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Calavera Huertista, 1914, print by Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Posada<\/p><\/div>\n

Through the twentieth century, much of the art of horror and death is about war. \u00a0The Great War of 1914-18 harvested vast swathes of Europe’s youth and left many more maimed and traumatized.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

The Field of the Slain, 1916, by Evelyn De Morgan<\/p><\/div>\n

The Victorian image of a dark angel, aesthetically romanticized, survived for a while as the predominant artistic depiction of Death.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Prospect Park War Memorial, 1921, sculpture by Augustus Lukeman, 2003 photo by Fred Hatt<\/p><\/div>\n

At the same time, through this period, European artists like Picasso with his Demoiselles d’Avignon<\/a>, composer Stravinsky with\u00a0Sacre du Printemps<\/a>, and writer Alfred Jarry with the play\u00a0Ubu Roi<\/a>, had been discovering the power of a rawer, more primal approach to expression, and many found it the only way to truly depict the horror of war.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Skull, 1924, by Otto Dix<\/p><\/div>\n

Of the work below, full of chaotic energy, the artist said<\/a>, “This is a painting I painted after the defeat of the Republicans in Spain. \u00a0This is obviously an ironic title [“Angel of the Hearth”] to denote a kind of animal that kills and destroys everything in its path. \u00a0That was the impression I had at the time, of what was possible to happen in the world, and in that I was right.”<\/p>\n

I think the title “Angel of the Hearth” may refer to the fact that the violent ideologies of Fascism, Nazism and Stalinism begin from a claim to stand as protectors of the homeland, and of the purity of their cultures and races.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

L’Ange du Foyer (Angel of the Hearth), 1937, by Max Ernst<\/p><\/div>\n

Mexican painter Siqueiros went to spain to fight against the Fascists. \u00a0His painted response to the war, from the same year as Ernst’s, expresses a more emotional experience of devastation and loss.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Echo of a Scream, 1937, by David Alfaro Siqueiros<\/p><\/div>\n

Death taking his victims in his pitiless embrace is a timeless image. \u00a0Here’s a version painted by Vietnam veteran William Myles.<\/p>\n

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Death Taking a Soldier, 1997, by William Myles<\/p><\/div>\n

Henry Moore’s sculpture “Nuclear Energy” is on the campus of the University of Chicago where the world’s first nuclear reactor was built. \u00a0It is an abstract image of power, but it evokes both the skull and the mushroom cloud of the nuclear bomb, perhaps to remind the scientists working on that campus that Death is ever near, just as he was six hundred years ago in the time of the Totentanz.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Nuclear Energy, 1967, by Henry Moore, photographer unknown<\/p><\/div>\n

All images in this post, except for one that is a photograph taken by me, were found on the web. \u00a0Clicking on the photos links to the sites where the pictures were found, and in many cases, to larger versions of these images.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In time for Halloween and the Day of the Dead, I give you a collection of skulls and other personifications of death and horror from the art of the past several centuries. \u00a0If you’re sensitive to violent, creepy, disturbing imagery, don’t scroll down. In the wake of the famines, plagues and wars of the late […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[200,202],"tags":[59,271,272,17],"class_list":["post-4416","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-art-history-2","category-collections-of-images","tag-anatomy","tag-art-history","tag-art-and-society","tag-figures"],"yoast_head":"\nTotentanz - DRAWING LIFE by fred hatt<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/fredhatt.com\/blog\/2012\/10\/27\/totentanz\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Totentanz - DRAWING LIFE by fred hatt\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In time for Halloween and the Day of the Dead, I give you a collection of skulls and other personifications of death and horror from the art of the past several centuries. \u00a0If you’re sensitive to violent, creepy, disturbing imagery, don’t scroll down. 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